Iota carrageenan sigma6/20/2023 showed the anti-viral activity of a Carrageenan isolated from Gigartina skottsbergii against intraperitoneal murine herpes simplex virus infection.Ĭarrageenan has been generally recognized as safe by the FDA. demonstrated a protective effect of Lambda-Carrageenan on genital herpes simplex virus infection in mice. Iota-Carrageenan had no effect on vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), measles virus, polio virus type 1 (member of the picornaviridae) and adenovirus type 5. Iota-Carrageenan showed anti-viral activity against the enveloped viruses Herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2, Semliki Forest virus (SFV), vaccinia virus, African swine fever virus (ASF), and against encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus. report an anti-viral efficacy of different sulphated polysaccharides including Iota-Carrageenan against several animal viruses. The anti-HIV-1 activity of Lambda-, Kappa- and Iota-Carrageenan and other sulphated polymers has been described previously. In particular sulphated polysaccharides including Carrageenan, a sulphated polysaccharide extracted from red seaweed has an excellent safety profile and has shown anti-viral efficacy against several viruses. Polymers from various sources are substances that might bear these desired safety properties. Since the HRV infection is self limiting and not life threatening in most cases a potential therapy has to be safe and effective with an almost unrecognizable level of side effects. To effectively inhibit the HRV induced inflammatory cascade of the common cold the treatment needs to be initiated rapidly after the first symptoms or even before. Development of Tremacamra and Ruprintrivir has not advanced to phase III clinical trials until today. Studies with experimental HRV infection showed promising results for Ruprintrivir a compound developed by (Agouron/Pfizer). Protease 3C is an enzyme necessary for the posttranslational cleavage of viral precursor polyproteins. Studies with biologicals such as intranasal Tremacamra a soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and alpha interferon have shown that targeting HRV is possible especially when the drugs are applied prophylactically or the intervention is early.Īnother approach targets the HRV proteases 2A and 3C with small molecules. A number of anti-viral compounds have been evaluated for the management of HRV induced colds, including the capsid binders pirodavir and Pleconaril. ĭespite significant efforts no anti-viral agent is approved for the prevention or treatment of HRV-infection. Besides the self-limiting infection, HRV is implicated as a cause or predisposing agent for otitis media, sinusitis and exacerbations of asthma, as well as other lower respiratory tract disorders. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) estimates that there are more than a billion cases of common colds in the USA each year. Infections with HRV lead to the common cold with symptoms such as sore throat, rhinitis, nasal congestion, and cough. The family Picornaviridae comprises some notable members, including human rhinovirus (HRV), which infects humans more frequently than any other virus. Clinical trials are needed to determine whether Iota-Carrageenan-based products are effective in the treatment or prophylaxis of HRV infections. Since HRV infections predominately occur in the nasal cavity and the upper respiratory tract, a targeted treatment with a product containing Iota-Carrageenan is conceivable. The data suggest that Iota-Carrageenan acts primarily by preventing the binding or the entry of virions into the cells. In addition, Iota-Carrageenan effectively prevents the replication of HRV1A, HRV2, HRV8, HRV14, HRV16, HRV83 and HRV84 in primary human nasal epithelial cells in culture. Iota-Carrageenan reduces HRV growth and inhibits the virus induced cythopathic effect of infected HeLa cells. In this study we demonstrate that Iota-Carrageenan, a sulphated polysaccharide derived from red seaweed, is a potent anti-rhinoviral substance in-vitro. Despite significant efforts, no anti-viral agent is approved for the prevention or treatment of HRV-infection. In addition, HRVs are implicated in the worsening of COPD and asthma, as well as the loss of lung transplants. Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are the predominant cause of common cold.
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